正文: When Soon before its shadow fades
Where Here in this pool of opened eye
In us No Upon us As at the very edges
of where we take shape in the dark air
this object bares its image awakening
ripples of recognition that will
brush darkness up into light
even after this bird this hour both drift by atop the perfect sad instant now
already passing out of sight
toward yet-untroubled reflection
this image bears its object darkening
into memorial shades Scattered bits of
light No of water Or something across
water Breaking up No Being regathered
soon Yet by then a swan will have
gone Yes out of mind into what
vast
pale
hush
of a
place
past
sudden dark as
if a swan
sang
4.3 距离象似
距离象似是语言成分之间的间隔距离直接映照人的概念结构或者真实世界中所描写的对象之间的距离(沈家煊,1993: 4)。同样,句子、段落、诗节等之间的距离也会影射人的概念距离或自然界中物体的实际距离。如Carl Sandburg 的
Fog:The fog comes
on little cat feet.
It sits looking
over harbor and city
on silent haunches
and then moves on.
该诗只有两个句子,却分成两个诗节。第一节它来,第二节它停留然后离开。这是符合人的认知规律的:我们来到某个地方,停留一下后继续前行。这也是为什么该诗分两节,而不分三节的原因。
4.4 顺序象似
顺序象似即事件发生的顺序以及概念认知的顺序与语言的线性顺序相对应,包括句法成分排列及篇章叙述中对时空等顺序的映照,在诗歌中主要体现在诗的篇章布局中。如Gwendolyn Brooks 的
Sadie and Maud:
Maud went to college.
Sadie stayed at home.
Sadie scaped life
With a fine-tooth comb.
She didn’t leave a tangle in.
Her comb found every strand.
Sadie was one of the livingest chits
In all the land.
Sadie dore two babies
Under her maiden name.
Maud and ma and Papa
Nearly died of shame.
When Sadie said her last so-long
Her girls struck out from home.
(Sadie had left as heritage
Her fine-tooth comb.)
Maud, who went to college,
Is a thin brown mouse.
She is living all alone
In this old house.
该诗的排列顺序正是两个女孩子选择不同的人生道路,遭受不同的人生境遇,最后却有着同样悲惨结局的时间顺序。整首诗给人以“生活到底是什么,又该如何去面对生活?”的深思。
4.5 数量象似
数量象似指语言表达形式的数量与真实世界中的物体的数量之间存在着一致性(Ungerer& Schmid, 1996:252)。在诗歌中主要是通过篇幅的长短、衔接与连贯的程度、句式繁简的变化反映诗篇所表达的内容。如Elizabeth Bishop 的
The Fish.租一只小船,钓到一条大鱼。这本是极为平常的事,几行字就可以叙述完,可诗人却用76行的篇幅描绘了这一事件,因为结局是出人意料的,诗人超越了尘俗的世界,放归了那条鱼。这就是陌生化,即在日常平凡的事物或现象中挖掘出异常或不平凡来,寓陌生于熟悉中,使读者警醒,获得意想不到的感受。
相反的例子是Hilda Doolittle 的
Oread:Whirl up, sea---
whirl your pointed pines,
splash your great pines
on our rocks,
hurl your green over us,
cover us with your pools of fir.
该诗只有6行的文字是一首典型的意象派新诗。该诗高度凝练,清丽典雅,意象清晰而又气韵飞动,具有无穷的魅力和艺术感染力。
人类认知的顺序一般是从无标记到有标记,语言习得也是先从无标记项开始,逐步推衍到有标记项,这是因为无标记项具有更一般的意义和更广泛的使用环境,而有标记项往往表示额外的,不同寻常的意义。诗歌中特殊的书写,版面形式,选词,句式以及篇章的组织中都有标记象似性在起作用。
最典型的是E. E. Cummings的诗,他是具象诗(concrete poetry)的先驱,把诗歌作为可视艺术,通过独特的排版法(独特的断句断词,拼词造词,标点和大小写等),抒发自由不羁的情感。在《黎明》(
Crepuscule)一诗中,他开始使用小写的i,以后i就成为Cummings的标志。他本人书写自己名字的时候也是全部小写,即e. e. cummings.
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