【分　 类】 文化研究
【关 键 词】
【来 　源】 互联网
【收　 录】 中文学术期刊网

正文：

• 避免不必要的转换

避免不必要的转换是指在英语书面表达中不可以任意改变句子的主语和谓语动词的时态、语态、语气等。在一定的语言环境中，要尽量保持上下文句子主语的一致，谓语动词时态、语态、语气的一致，否则就会破坏句子、段落的连贯性。例如：
We ordered some bikes and they were received by us in time.
上面例句中的第二个分句是非常蹩脚的，它不仅改变了句子的主语，而且还改变了谓语的语态，这样的句子读起来就不太连贯。经过下面的修改，调整了第二个分句的主语和谓语的语态，句子读起来就流畅多了。
We ordered some bikes and received them in time.

• 使用代词

使用代词是指在英语书面表达中用代词替换前句或前段中提到过的人或事。使用代词可以使整段文字有机的联系在一起，从而保持文章的连贯性。例如：
Dr. Albert Einstein was one of the greatest scientists of all time, but his response to life was simple and direct. Once when he was out in a heavy rain, he took off his hat and put it under his coat. When he was asked why he had done that, he simply replied that the rain would damage his hat, but it couldn’t hit his hair.
在上一段文字中，作者恰当地使用了人称代词、物主代词、指示代词。这些代词的使用使句子更简洁，上下文的内容更加连贯。

• 使用平行结构

平行结构指的是一连串相同的语法结构。使用平行结构是提高语言表达能力的有效手段，也是实现英语书面表达连贯性的重要方法。例如：
Television presents a vivid world in front of us. From halfway around the world, television brings the crack of gunfire from the war, the thick black smoke from a burning forest fire and the cheers of thousands of football fans into your home.
本段第二个句子运用了一个平行结构，即三个并列的宾语，就把“电视能够把五彩缤纷的大千世界呈现在我们面前”这一主题写得具体形象，同时使上下文的联系更加紧密。

• 使用连词

语篇是一个完整的语义单位，是依靠句子来实现的。但语篇不是句子的任意堆砌，构成语篇的句子必须是相互关联的，而句子之间的关联往往是通过一些连词来实现的。因此，使用连词是实现英语书面表达连贯性的常用手段。请比较下面两段文字。
Last June I wanted a summer job. I applied for one at the local museum. They called me for an interview. I was surprised. I arrived at the museum. A woman showed me to the manager’s office. I felt nervous. I answered all the questions well. The interview was over. I got up to thank him. I was shaking his hand. I knocked his cup of coffee all over him. I felt terrible. I wanted to cry. I apologized. He didn’t look very happy. At home I was angry with myself. I had been very careless. I had done well at the interview. I knew I wouldn’t get the job Suddenly ,the telephone rang. I didn’t think that it would be the manager. I heard his voice. I couldn’t believe it. He told me that I had got the job.
上段文字虽然能使我们了解事件发展的进程，但是由于缺少使用连词，句子之间的联系不是很密切，读起来有前言不搭后语的感觉。如果我们在文中恰当地加上连词，句子之间的逻辑关系和语义关系就会清晰分明。
Last June I wanted a summer job. So I applied for one at the local museum. I was surprised when they called me for an interview. A woman showed me to the manager’s office as soon as I arrived at the museum. I answered all the questions well although I felt nervous. I got up to thank him when the interview was over. I knocked his cup of coffee all over him while I was shaking his hand. I felt so terrible that I wanted to cry. I apologized. However, he didn’t look very happy. At home I was angry with myself because I had been very careless. I knew that I wouldn’t get the job even though I had done well at the interview. But suddenly, the telephone rang. I didn’t think that it would be the manager. I couldn’t believe it when I heard his voice. He told me that I had got the job.
修改后的短文是一篇逻辑性极强的短文，文中运用了十六个连词，把前后内容有联系的句子连接起来，这就消除了前一段文字前言不搭后语的感觉，极大地增强了文章的连贯性。

• 使用过渡成分

过渡成分指的是在句子、段落间使用的一些承上启下的单词、短语、句子等。使用过渡成分能使文章文理通顺，过渡自然，前后内容连贯有序。请阅读下面的段落，注意斜体字的作用。
Medical science has thus succeeded in identifying the hundreds of viruses that can cause the common cold. It has also discovered that the most effective means of prevention. One person transmits the cold viruses to another most often by hand. For example, an infected person covers his mouth in order to cough. Then he picks up the phone. Half an hour later, his daughter picks up the phone, too.  Immediately afterwards, she rubs her eyes. Within a few days, she, too, has a cold. And thus it spreads. To avoid cold, therefore, people should wash their hands often and keep their hands away from their faces.
从上例短文中我们不难看出过渡成分的重要性。文中使用了几处过渡成分，就使句与句之间的联系更加自然密切，因此整段文字也就连贯了。

• 使用段首段末并存主题句的写作方法

一般来说，在英语书面表达中一个段落用一个主题句来表述其主旨大意。但是，有些段落在结构上比较严谨，它有两个主题句，一个在段首，一个在段末。段首段末并存主题句的写作方法是：用段首的句子引出主题，用段末的句子重申主题。这种写作方法既可以强调、突出段落的中心思想，又可以增强段落的照应性、连贯性。例如：
Good manners are important in all countries, but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country. Americans say “Hi” when they meet. Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women. Japanese men do not. On the surface, it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan, and in a way this is true. But in any country, the only manners that are important are those involving one person’s behavior toward another person. In all countries, it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country.
我们可以看出以上这个段落由三部分组成。第一部分段首句引出段落主题。第二部分段落的主体部分即二、三、四、五、六句分别以细节支撑主题。第三部分结尾句把上述细节归结于段首句所陈述的主题，并有所引申。从以上分析中，我们可以清楚地认识到；段首段末并存主题句的写作方法两次点题，前后呼应，大大地增强了文章的连贯性。