正文:1) 陈列单词,如:
List words to describe people's appearance.
List all the items you need for a party.
Make a list of house furniture.
Lists Based on a Principle
Write down a food that begins with each letter of the alphabet.
Make a list of animals starting with the smallest animal and getting bigger.
2.为一个句子选取单词,如:
The man got off his ____________ and walked away. (答案可以是: horse/bicycle/letter/backside等等)
Peter lived in a ____________ (答案可以是: caravan/house/fantasy world/apartment等等)
I don't like her because she is ______________ (答案可以是: too talkative/the teacher's pet/boring等等)
3.根据图片进行的头脑风暴
图片是激发学生灵感的源泉。奇怪的事件能引起不同的反应。大多数学生如果遇到奇怪的图片会放飞自己的想象。我们可以从书本、杂志或其他渠道寻找这类图片,然后提出类似于以下的这些问题。
What are these people doing?
List the objects in the picture.
What is this man thinking about?
Write four words to describe this person.
4.使用歌曲进行头脑风暴
歌曲非常适合于消除学生的紧张情绪。尤其在整个班上进行头脑风暴的时候,歌曲似乎更有效。老师可以一边写下话题,一边给学生放歌曲,然后问以下的一些问题:
How does the singer feel?
What do you think the singer looks like?
Suggest titles for this song.
When do you think that this song was written?
5.围绕一个主题的单词拼图或词语拼图
在一页纸的中间写下一个单词或一个词组,所有其他单词或词组按照逻辑的方式陈列在它的周围。单词拼图可用于联想类似的事物,例如:同一类型的动物或食物。词语拼图可用于开启话题或培养交际能力。例如:

6.每次改变句子中的一个单词
每次必须改变句中的一个单词,但是每个句子必须有意义。这个活动可以用来向学生展示每个单词在句子中的作用。它胜过单纯的句型操练。在黑板上进行这项活动是非常有趣的。
例如:
Peter played flute in the orchestra.
Peter played flute in the park.
John played flute in the park.
John played soccer in the park.
John watched soccer in the park.
John watched soccer near the park.
John watched soccer near a park.
7.列出不同情境下同一交际目的的不同表达方式
例如: 请一个人开车。
Please move your car.
I'd appreciate if you could move your car.
Get your car out of my way.
8.预言
猜想说话人下面会说什么。这可用于跟课本对话相关的练习。这是鼓励学生敢于冒险的非常有效的教学技巧。假如有录音对话,请按下暂停键,然后请学生预言说话人下面会说什么。
9.自由联想
这个活动最好在口头上进行,它会非常有趣。一个学生依据你选择的话题给出一个单词,然后请另外一个学生说出他想到的第一个单词。然后第一个学生重复他说出的单词,再请第二个学生发挥联想,说出第二个单词。如此反复10次,第一个学生要尽力回到起初的那个单词。
例如:
A : apple
B : red
A : red
B : rose
and so on.
10.群体说故事
学生群体合作来轮流编一个故事,或者是口头上编或者写下来。老师通常最好给出故事的开头。
例如 :
John was late for school because
Student A : he missed the train
Student B : and there wasn't another for 20 minutes
Student C : so he went to a game center
Student D : but he lost his wallet
如果学生能写下来的话,同时编出几个故事还是非常有趣的。
总结:
头脑风暴是非常有效的活动,它很容易被引入课堂。前面的研究已经表明了头脑风暴能帮助学生成为好的学习者。此外,这是学生们乐于接受的活动,很值得我们在课堂中尝试。
参考资料:
Brown, H.D, 1994 Principles of Language Learning and teaching, Prentice Hall Regents
McCoy, R.I 1976. Means to Overcome the Anxieties of Second Language Learners, Foreign Language Annals, pages 185-9, No. 12, 1979.
Rubin, J 1975. What the "Good Language Learner" Can Teach Us, TESOL Quarterly, Vol. 9, No.1, March 1975.
VanGundy, A. B. (1981, 2nd Ed. 1988). Techniques of Structured Problem Solving. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
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